SECTION 1: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT - UNIT 18 : IMMIGRATION AND IDENTITY (Identity Crisis in Immigrants)

Across 

2. as is certain to happen
Inevitably 

4. famous and respected
Eminent

6. a temporary stay
Sojourn

7. knowing everything
Omniscient

Down 

1. the state of being preoccupied
Preoccupation

3. anxious or fearful that something bad will happen
Apprehensive

5. a person of mixed white and black ancestry
Mulatto

2. Find the meanings of the following words in a dictionary as they are used in the text. 
1. melancholy |’me-lun,kó-lee| : a feeling of thoughtful sadness, typically with no obvious cause
2. elusive |i’loo-siv| : difficult to describe
3. motif |mow’teef| : a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colours
4. disdain |dis’deyn| : lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike
5. fabricate |’fa-bri,keyt| : put together out of artificial or natural components or parts/construct/manufacture
6. intoxicate |in’tók-si,keyt| : fill with high spirits/fill with optimism
7. resentment |re’zent-munt| : a feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will

4. Choose the right word to fill in the blanks. 
1. Can you ...... the box in the back garden? (bury/berry) 
   Can you bury the box in the back garden?
2. Alex could not ...... the branch off the tree. (break/brake) 
   Alex could not break the branch off the tree.
3. ...... pencil is on the floor? (Who's/Whose) 
   Whose pencil is on the floor?
4. We have got very ...... (phew/few) tasks left.
   We have got very few (phew/few) tasks left.
5. Some tribes worship their gods before they ...... (prey/pray) 
   Some tribes worship their gods before they prey.
6. ...... it. Everything is messed up.(Dam /Damn)
   Damn it. Everything is messed up.
7. What a wonderful ...... the professor presented. (lesson/lessen)
   What a wonderful lesson the professor presented.

4. Change the following into indirect speech.  
1. She said, "While I was having dinner, the phone rang."
   She said that while she was having dinner, the phone rang.
2. My friend said, "Where are they staying?”
   My friend asked where they were staying.
3. Jamila said, "I travel a lot in my job."
   Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.
4. She said to me, "We lived in China for five years."
   She told me that they had lived in China for five years.
5. He said to me, "Do you like ice-cream?"
   He asked me if I liked ice-cream.
6. They said, "Hurray! We've won the match."
   They exclaimed with delight that they had won the match.
7. He said, "I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great."
   He said that he had tried everything without success, but that new medicine was great.
8. Sony said, "I go to the gym next to your house."
   Sony said that she went to the gym next to my house.
9. He said, "Be quiet after 10 o'clock."
   He asked me to be quiet after 10 o’clock.
10. He said, "I don't want to go to the party unless he invites me."
    He said that he didn’t want to go to the party unless he invited him.
11. He said to me, "I will see you tomorrow if you meet me."
    He told me that he would see me the following day if I met him.
12. She said, "If I were you, I would give up the work."
    She said that if she had been me, she would have given up the work. 
    

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Hari.

indirect speech: Hari said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect.

'I travel a lot in my job.'

• Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

'The baby's sleeping!'

• He told me the baby was sleeping.

'I've hurt my leg.'

• She said she'd hurt her leg.

Past simple and past continuous

When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous.

'We lived in China for five years.'

• She told me they'd lived in China for five years.

'It was raining all day.'

• He told me it had been raining all day.

Past perfect

The past perfect doesn't change.

'I'd tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.'

• He said he'd tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great.

No backshift

If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it's not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense.

'I go to the gym next to your house.'

• Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I'm thinking about going with her.

'I'm working in Italy for the next six months.'

• He told me he's working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him!

'I've broken my arm!'

• She said she's broken her arm, so she won't be at work this week.

Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place

Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech.

'I enjoy working in my garden,' said Bob.

• Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden.

'We played tennis for our school,' said Alina.

• Alina told me they'd played tennis for their school.

However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don't change.

'I'm working on my thesis,' I said.

• I told her that I was working on my thesis.

'We want our jobs back!' we said.

• We said that we wanted our jobs back.

We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate.

'This is my house.'

• He said this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.]
• He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.]

'We like it here.'

• She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.]
• She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.]

'I'm planning to do it today.'

• She told me she's planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.]
• She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.]

In the same way, these changes to those, now changes to then, yesterday changes to the day before, tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before.

1. There will be no delay. (He)
   He assured that there would not be delay.
2. Don't mention it again. (She)
   She warned not to mention it again.
3. I've taken the money. (My brother)
   My brother admitted that he had taken the money.
4. You took my money. (Neha)
   Neha accused me that I had taken her money.
5. You should have the dinner with me. (She)
   She insisted on having dinner with her.
6. No, I haven't stolen anyone's bag. (He)
   He denied that he had stolen anyone’s bag.
7. I have closed the door. I can remember it. (She)
   She pointed out that she had closed the door. 
8. The doctor is out to lunch. (The receptionist)
   The receptionist explained that the doctor was out to lunch.
9. This van has been in the car park all day. (The guard)
   The guard claimed that that van had been in the park all day.

SOURCES :  

British Council. Learn English : Reported Speech 1 - Statements. (2021, 5 18). Retrieved from British Council: https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/reported-speech-1-statements

Curriculam Development Centre. (2020). English Grade 11. Sanothimi, Bhaktapur: Government of Nepal, Curriculum Development Centre.

D, H. (2021, 5 19). Half a Life Summary by V.S. Naipaul. Retrieved from GrAdeSaver: https://www.gradesaver.com/half-a-life/study-guide/summary