SECTION 1: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT - UNIT 14: POWER AND POLITICS (Napoleon Bonaparte)

WAYS WITH WORDS

1. Choose the correct meaning of the underlined word. 
1. Many portraits of Napoleon show him with his right hand placed inside his coat.
   i. shape ii. hairstyle iii. sketch iv. movement
   SKETCH
2. Napoleon won one victory after another, defeating the Austrians in eighteen battles.
   i. beating ii. joining iii. fighting iv. directing
   BEATING
3. Portrait painters thought this pose made men look more dignified.
   i. good-looking ii. young iii. intelligent iv. energetic
   GOOD-LOOKING
4. They announced France a republic.
   i. officially declared ii. informally decided  iii. put into practice iv. voted into law
   OFFICIALLY DECLARED 
5. Napoleon conquered Austria in 1805.
   i. lost ii. tried to control iii. triumphed over iv. attacked
   TRIUMPHED OVER
6. There was no place to house his soldiers in the bitter Russian winter.
   i. difficult ii. cold iii. dark iv. empty
   COLD
7. Napoleon was humiliated when he was defeated.
   i. tortured ii. punished iii. confused iv. shamed
   SHAMED
2. Guess the meanings to these words from the text. Check in your dictionary and make sentences of your own.

• violent : Using force to hurt or attack - A case was filed against him in the court because of his violent nature. 
• execute : To put to death especially in compliance with a legal sentence - Poor and middle class people executed the king and queen, and then declared France a republic.
• ancient : of or from a long time ago - Hari was amazed to find ancient gold coins inside the pot.
• alliance : a bond or connection between families, states, parties, or individuals - The companies have formed an alliance to market the product.
• brilliant : exceptionally clever or talented - She is brilliant at convincing others.
• genius : an intelligent person - He thinks he is a genius./She has a genius for raising money.
• consul : an official chosen by a government to live in a foreign city, in order to take care of people from the official's own country who travel or live there, and to protect the trade interests of that government - The Consul spoke slowly and with great gravity.
• invading : to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it - The Gurkhas fought fearlessly against the British troops who were invading from the South.

3. Look at the compound noun phrase Commander-in-Chief as used in this sentence from the text.
   A compound noun is a noun phrase made up of two nouns, e.g. bus driver, in which the first noun acts as a sort of adjective for the second one, but without really describing it. (For example, think about the difference between a black bird and a blackbird.)
   A crow is a black bird, while a blackbird is a specific species of bird.
   
   Compound nouns can be made up of two or more other words, but each compound has a single meaning. They may or may not be hyphenated, and they may be written with a space between words.
   Compound nouns are commonly formed from the following word combinations :

• noun + noun : boyfriend, skinhead
• verb + noun : breakfast
• adjective + noun : software, hardware
• phrasal verb used as noun :a break-in, a take-over
• particle + noun : onlooker, aftershave

        Compound noun can be written :

    - as one word : bookcase, wallpaper, birdcage, snowflake, etc.

    - as two words : post office, fire engine, eye shadow, cough sweets, etc.
    - with a hyphen : lamp-post, tee-shirt, etc.

    GRAMMAR

    may, might, must, can’t 

    Modals - Deductions about the Present

We can use modal verbs for deduction – guessing if something is true using the available   information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility.

MUST 

We use must when we feel sure that something is true or it's the only realistic possibility.

This must be her house. I can see her car in the garage.
He must live near here because he always walks to work.
Come inside and get warm. You must be freezing out there!

MIGHT, MAY, COULD

We use might, may or could to say that we think something is possible but we're not sure. 

She's not here yet. She might be stuck in traffic.
He's not answering. He could be in class.
We regret to inform you that some services may be delayed due to the bad weather.

They all have the same meaning, but may is more formal than might and could.

CAN’T

We use can't when we feel sure that something is not possible.

It can't be far now. We've been driving for hours.
She can't know about the complaint. She's promoted him to team leader.
It can't be easy for him, looking after three kids on his own.

2. Fill in the blanks with may, must or can’t. 
1. Matthew ...... be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.
   Matthew must be at home. I can see his bike in front of his home.
2. They ...... be coming tomorrow.
   They may be coming tomorrow.
3. She ...... speak French very well. She's only lived in Paris for two weeks.
   She can’t speak French very well. She's only lived in Paris for two weeks.
4. My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it ...... be in the drawer.
   My key is not in my pocket or on my desk so it must be in the drawer.
5. I saw him yesterday. He ...... be abroad.
   I saw him yesterday. He can’t be abroad.
6. You got the job? That's great. You ...... be very delighted.
   You got the job? That's great. You must be very delighted. 
7. I ...... finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I'm not sure.
   I may finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I'm not sure. 
8. Somebody is knocking on the door. It ...... be Sabina – she promised to come today.
   Somebody is knocking on the door. It must be Sabina – she promised to come today.
   
3. Rewrite the following sentences using may/might, must or can’t. 

Example: 

May be they went away. 

They may/might have gone away. 

1. I’m sure he’s not going to the cinema today.
   He can’t be going to cinema today.
2. Perhaps she knows the answer.
   She may know the answer.
3. I’m sure he has a car.
   He must have a car.
4. I doubt if it rains later on.
   It may rain later on.
5. Perhaps she wants to be alone.
   She may want to be alone.
6. I’m sure Harina is in her office.
   Harina must be in her office.

Sources : 

English . (2020). Sanothimi, Bhaktapur: Government of Nepal: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Curriculam Development Centre.       

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/styleguide/chapter/compound-nouns/

https://grammar.collinsdictionary.com/easy-learning/compound-nouns

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/modals-deductions-about-the-present